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Lo que es, Es lo que ha sido (What it is, What it has been)

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Open a larger version of the following image in a popup: Reynier Leyva Novo, Lo que es, Es lo que ha sido (What it is, What it has been), 2020
Open a larger version of the following image in a popup: Reynier Leyva Novo, Lo que es, Es lo que ha sido (What it is, What it has been), 2020
Open a larger version of the following image in a popup: Reynier Leyva Novo, Lo que es, Es lo que ha sido (What it is, What it has been), 2020
Open a larger version of the following image in a popup: Reynier Leyva Novo, Lo que es, Es lo que ha sido (What it is, What it has been), 2020
Open a larger version of the following image in a popup: Reynier Leyva Novo, Lo que es, Es lo que ha sido (What it is, What it has been), 2020
Open a larger version of the following image in a popup: Reynier Leyva Novo, Lo que es, Es lo que ha sido (What it is, What it has been), 2020

Reynier Leyva Novo Cuba, b. 1983

Lo que es, Es lo que ha sido (What it is, What it has been), 2020
Bust of José Martí by the sculptor Juan José Sicre, after 380 coats of gesso, + Stop-Motion HD Video File (sequence of 380 black and white photographs)
16 1/2 x 13 3/8 x 13 3/8 inches
41.9 x 34 x 34 cm
Edition 1 of 3 + 2 AP
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  • Lo que es, Es lo que ha sido (What it is, What it has been)
Novo's material here is the most reproduced object in Cuba's civic landscape: the José Martí bust modeled by Juan José Sicre, cast in quantity and installed in nearly every school,...
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Novo's material here is the most reproduced object in Cuba's civic landscape: the José Martí bust modeled by Juan José Sicre, cast in quantity and installed in nearly every school, state workplace, park, and public building on the island. Working from a cast pulled from the surviving original molds, the artist set the bust before a fixed camera in a Havana gallery and painted it, roughly ten coats a day for a month, until 382 layers of gesso had accumulated. Every layer was photographed. The 382 exposures run as a stop-motion sequence that compresses the month into a continuous act of effacement, the features thickening, softening, and finally sealing over, leaving a head still recognizably Martí in profile but drained of face.


The procedure is borrowed rather than invented. Cuban institutions repaint their Martí busts white for each anniversary of his birth and of the Revolution, so the objects accumulate their own erasure at a rate of a coat or two a year as an act of maintenance and reverence. Novo, watching this as a child, asked what a century of upkeep would leave behind, and the work is the answer given at speed: what the state does across a hundred years, done in thirty days. The result is a portrait of a national hero buried under the labor of honoring him, and a fairly exact object lesson in how veneration operates as suppression.


The argument extends past the object. Martí is the figure through which the Cuban state authorizes itself, his writing lifted from context and rebuilt into ideological instrument, so the accreted white surface reads as a physical record of that use: the thinker preserved as a shape and voided as a mind. The title supplied the name of Novo's final exhibition in Cuba, at El Apartamento in Havana in 2020, shortly before he relocated to Houston. The bust has since been shown against the Martí of Juan Francisco Elso's Por América at El Museo del Barrio, one 1980s Martí facing one from 2020, and the monumental restatement of the work, milled from a 3D scan of the painted bust, took the Pommery Prize at the Armory Show's Platform section in 2022.


Some read Castro's Martí as manufactured, others as a real inheritance from a genuine anti-imperialist strand. What is not in dispute is that both governments have repainted him, and that the man himself is no longer visible under it. Novo's contribution is to make that literal.
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Exhibitions

“Lo que es, es lo que ha sido, Chapter 1: Ni mármol ni suspiros (Los fundamentos de la nación),” El Apartamento, Havana, Cuba, December 2020 – March 2021.


“Art Miami 2021,” Pan American Art Projects, Booth AM306, One Herald Plaza, Miami, Florida, November 30 – December 5, 2021.


“The Armory Show 2022,” Sicardi | Ayers | Bacino, Booth 228, Javits Center, New York, New York, September 9 – 11, 2022.


“Juan Francisco Elso: Por América,” El Museo del Barrio, New York, New York, October 27, 2022 – March 26, 2023.


“Juan Francisco Elso: Por América,” Phoenix Art Museum, Phoenix, Arizona, May 6 – September 17, 2023.


“White Layers,” Pan American Art Projects, Miami, Florida, September 23 – November 4, 2023.


“Juan Francisco Elso: Por América,” Museum of Contemporary Art North Miami, North Miami, Florida, November 1, 2023 – March 17, 2024.

Literature

Llópiz-Casal, Julio. “El hombre de las dos patrias: José Martí y el encanto en las maneras de verle.” Espacio Laical, year 17, nos. 1–2, 2021, pp. 36–40. Illustrated and discussed on pp. 39–40.


Viso, Olga, ed. Juan Francisco Elso: Essays on América / Ensayos sobre América. Phoenix Art Museum and El Museo del Barrio, 2023, p. 371. Illustrated.


Piniella Grillet, Isabel J. “(Ab)usos de la memoria: ¿Héroes de Cuba y Venezuela?” Epistemological Others, Languages, Literatures, Exchanges and Societies Journal, no. 13, November 2023, pp. 1–8. Illustrated and discussed.


White Layers: Collective Exhibition. Exhibition dossier, Pan American Art Projects, Miami, 2023, p. 9. Illustrated.


Piniella Grillet, Isabel J. “Sopesar la historia: Materialidad y memoria colectiva en el culto a José Martí.” Aletheia, vol. 16, no. 30, 2025, e210. Illustrated and extensively discussed.


Batet, Janet. “Reynier Leyva Novo.” ArtNexus, no. 125, December 2, 2025. Illustrated.


Camacho, Jorge. “José Martí, su (des)mitificación en el arte cubano contemporáneo.” Hispanic Studies Review, vol. 10, no. 1, June 2026, pp. 104–125. Illustrated on p. 116, fig. 7; discussed on pp. 116–119.

Provenance

Estudio Reynier Leyva Novo, Havana Cuba > Robert Borlenghi Private Collection
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